<p>The St. Albans Historic District encompasses most of the historic commercial core of the city of St. Albans, Vermont. The district includes the historic town common , which acts as its focal center, and commercial and civic architecture dating from the early 19th to early 20th centuries. The district was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1980.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The town of St. Albans was chartered in 1763, but significant settlement in the town did not begin until after the American Revolutionary War. The town common, now Taylor Park, was laid out in 1792, and the major stagecoach route between Burlington and Montreal, now roughly United States Route 7, was laid out by Ira Allen to pass on its west side. The town saw prosperity in the early 19th century as the county seat of Franklin County, and gained a major boost to its economy by the location there of major railroad services of the Central Vermont Railroad, including its headquarters and a major service yard. The architecture of downtown St. Albans is colored by several fires which swept through different parts of the area in the second half of the 19th century, resulting in several different periods and styles of architecture. The city and town of St. Albans were formally separated in 1902, the city encompassing the area that had traditionally been associated with the town&#39;s principal village.</p><br>
<p>The historic district covers about 35 acre of downtown St. Albans. The focal point is Taylor Park, a rectangular greenspace bounded by streets with public and commercial buildings on the opposite side. It extends on the west side of North Main Street (US 7) as far north as Hoyt Street and south to Stebbins Street. It also includes buildings on the adjacent blocks between North Main and Federal Street. North and east of Taylor Park, it extends to Congress Street in the north and Hospital Street in the south. In addition to commercial buildings, the district includes city hall, several churches, and the Franklin County Courthouse.</p><br>
<p>The Henry Weis House is a historic building located in Waterloo, Iowa, United States. Weis was a factory owner that produced egg case fillers, which were used to protect eggs during shipping. He engaged the local architectural firm of Murphy & Ralston to design this house, which was completed in 1902. Architecturally, the two-story frame structure is "transitional" in its design, featuring elements of the Queen Anne and the Colonial Revival styles. The Queen Anne is found in its irregular plan, wraparound porch, full-height bays, small second floor porch, and the small screened porch. The Colonial Revival is found in the Ionic fluted porch columns, and the consoles with a row of dentils located along the cornice. The house also features foliated designs on the gable ends. It remained in the Weis family into the 1930s when it was converted into apartments. It has subsequently been converted into a bed and breakfast. The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1989.</p><br>
<p>The Rensselaer Russell House, also known as the Lamson House, is a historic building located in Waterloo, Iowa, United States. Russell was a real estate investor, banker, and a dealer in dry goods. He completed the construction of this two-story Italianate house in 1861. This was one of the first substantial brick houses built in the city. He had to import materials from Dubuque and Chicago to build it. Washington Square, located across the street, was donated by the family to the City of Waterloo in 1871. The house is made up of a two-story brick main block with a smaller 1½-story wing. It features a tall narrow windows, Corinthian columns on the porches, bracketed eaves, and hipped roof capped with a belvedere. The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1973.</p><br>
<p>The Waitsfield Village Historic District encompasses much of the main village center of Waitsfield, Vermont. Extending along Vermont Route 100 on either side of Bridge Street, it is a well-preserved example of a 19th-century village, with only a few sympathetic 20th-century additions. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1983.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The town of Waitsfield was chartered in 1782 and settled by Benjamin Wait. Its early civic and commercial centers were at Waitsfield Common, and near Waits house, which was located on a rise west of the present village. A road (now roughly Bridge Street), ran between the two, and a bridge spanned the Mad River on the site of the present Great Eddy Covered Bridge as early as 1797. In 1817, the present village center was essentially laid out by members of the Richardson family, who established a store at the crossroads of Bridge Street and what is now VT 100, and built mills to harness the rivers water power. The village never achieved significant prominence in manufacturing, however, due to the lack of any nearby railroad connection, and development has been limited since the turn of the 20th century.</p><br>
<p>The historic district extends north, south, and east from the junction of Route 100 and Bridge Street. Its northern boundary is at Loop Road, and its southern boundary is at a geographic pinching point, where Route 100 passes between a steep rise on the west and the Mad River to the east. To the east, it extends across the Mad River (including the Great Eddy bridge, Vermont&#39;s oldest active covered bridge) to a point where the road crosses a dry branch of the river. Most of the buildings are wood frame structures; there are six brick buildings. The most significant 20th-century building is the Joslin Library, prominently located at the central junction.</p><br>
<p>Redstone is a historic former estate on South Prospect Street in Burlington, Vermont. It was developed in 1889, and includes some of Burlingtons finest examples of Richardsonian Romanesque, Shingle, and Colonial Revival architecture. Its surviving elements are Redstone Green and some of its surrounding buildings on the campus of the University of Vermont, which acquired the property in 1921, and are part of the universitys Redstone Campus. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1991 as the Redstone Historic District.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The former Redstone estate is locate at the far southwestern end of the University of Vermont campus, between South Prospect Street and its athletic facilities. Originally 66 acre, the southern and eastern portions of the estate have been developed mainly for university housing. Adjacent to South Prospect Street is Redstone Green, a large open space that is defined by the estates original main drive, which forms a rough square with South Prospect Street. At the east side of the green is a rise, on which stands Andrew Buells 1889 Richoardsonian Romanesque house, now known as Redstone Hall. At the northern end of the rise stand two water towers, iconic features of the university landscape; one is a 19th-century circular brick building, the other is a 20th-century steel frame structure. On the north side of the drive stands the original gatehouse for the estate, and the Blundell House, an International Style house built by the university in 1961. On the south side of the green stands Robinson Hall, which was built by the Buells as a carriage house. Between Robinson Hall and Redstone Hall stand Southwick Hall, a Colonial Revival structure built as a women&#39;s dormitory in the 1920s (to which a modern addition has been added to the east), and Coolidge Hall, a 1940s dormitory.</p><br>
<p>The land for the estate was developed in 1889 by Andrew Buell, a Burlington lumber magnate. Development of this area was made possible by construction of the brick water tower in 1880, and Buell developed the property as a country estate. It remained his family home until 1921, when it was purchased by the university. The university first used the space as a womens campus, and has since developed outer portions of the estate for housing and part of its athletic facilities. Buells estate buildings were designed by Howard Burdett of Buffalo, New York, who had previously worked for both H.H. Richardson and the firm of Hartwell and Richardson. The early additions to the Redstone Campus made by the university were done in collaboration with McKim, Mead & White, and include Southwick Hall and Slade Hall.</p><br>
<p>Qaryat Al Faw  was the capital of the first Kindah kingdom. It is located about 100 km south of Wadi ad-Dawasir, and about 700 km southwest of Riyadh, the capital city of Saudi Arabia. The Al Faw archeological site reveals various features such as residential houses, markets, roads, cemeteries, temples, and water wells.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Researchers know little about the village. According to archaeological excavations, the village dates to the fourth century BC. The village is known by the name of Kahl village (Qaryat Dhu Kahl), Kahl one of the biggest Gods (Idol) of Kindah and Madh&#39;hij. It is also known by the names of Qaryat al-Hamraa (Red City) and Dhat al-Jnan (City of Gardens).</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>Al Faw village is located on the northwestern border of the Empty Quarter, thus, it is located on the trade route that connects the south of the Arabian Peninsula with its north-east. Al Faw was an important trade hub and had more than seventeen water wells.</p><br>
<h2>Discovery</h2><br>
<p>Interest in Qaryat al-Fāw as an archaeological site dates back to the 1940s when a reference to it was made by some official workers of the Saudi Aramco oil company. In 1952, three of the companys staff visited the city and wrote about it. In 1996, the village was visited by an expert from the Antiquities and Museums agency. In 1976, it was visited first the History and Antiquities Association of King Saud University in Riyadh and then by the Department of Antiquities and Museums, both aiming to study the site, and more specifically, to identify the location of the city. The work took place between 1972 and 1995. Archaeological excavations were carried out by a team from King Saud University team, from 1970 to 2003, and uncovered two major sectors of the town. The first was a residential area, consisting of houses, squares, streets and a market place, while the second was a sacred area, consisting of temples and tombs. The general architectural plan is very indicative of pre-Islamic towns in Arabia. Abdulrahman al-Ansary, former Professor of Archaeology at King Saud University in Riyadh and a member of Saudi Arabias Consultative Council and of the Council&#39;s Committee on Education is considered as the founder of the rediscovery of the city of Qaryat al-Fāw.</p><br>
<h2>Current Condition</h2><br>
<p>As of January 1, 2014, the site is completely fenced for protection against looters by the Saudi Government. The site is tended by a Saudi caretaker whose family has ties to the immediate area. The site was authorized and allocated funds for significant improvement, preservation and the construction of a modern visitors center. Construction was to have been completed by December, 2013, however to date no construction has started.</p><br>
<p>The site is extremely impressive, with multiple Nobelmans and Warrior class tombs spaced along the Eastern periphery. The Kings tomb resides somewhat separated and to the North West of the City. The market place shows significant erosion of the walls, which have buried almost an entire story of the once 3 or 4 level artifice. Remnants of grain storage and baking ovens can still be seen today.</p><br>
<p>Located East of the city lies a large jebel, with significant caves and petroglyphs.</p><br>
<p>The South Stone School House is a historic school building at Main Street and Quarry Road in Isle La Motte, Vermont. Built in 1843, it served the town as a district school until 1932, and has served as home to its historical society since then. It was probably built by James Ritchie, a noted local Scottish immigrant mason, and was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1997.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The South Stone School House is located in the center of the southern part of the island, at the southeast corner of Main Street and Quarry Road. It is a single-story structure, built out of locally quarried limestone that is known in the trade as "black marble". The stones are typically rough-cut and ashlar rectangular blocks, with irregular gaps filled in by smaller stones in a technique long associated with Scottish masonry. The gabled roof is framed with wooden timbers, and a wide stone chimney rises from one of the long sides, just to the left of the doorway. The interior has a single large chamber, finished with pine wainscoting and plaster on the walls. It now houses displays of materials concerning the long history of the island.</p><br>
<p>The school was built about 1842, and served the town as a district school until its schools were consolidated in 1930. Its construction has hallmarks of having been built by James Ritchie, a locally prominent master mason who came here from Scotland, and is credited with the construction of at least six other surviving buildings on the island. The local historical society purchased the building in 1932, and has used it as a museum and meeting space since.</p><br>
<p>The Waterloo Public Library  is a historic building located in Waterloo, Iowa, United States. The public library was established there in 1896. It operated out of two rented rooms, one on the east side of the Cedar River and other on the west side. The Carnegie Foundation agreed to grant the community $21,000 to build this building and a similar amount for the east side branch on April 11, 1902. Waterloo architect J.G. Ralston designed both buildings in the Neoclassical style. They were both dedicated on February 23, 1906. The single-story brick structure has a projecting entrance pavilion capped with a triangular pediment that is supported by Ionic columns. Also noteworthy are the corner piers that feature bands of brick squares set into the stone. In 1977 voters in Waterloo approved a $3,650,000 bond referendum to renovate the city&#39;s 1938 post office and federal building to house the library. The post office vacated the building in 1979 when it relocated. The old library building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1983. It now houses law offices.</p><br>
<p>The Waterloo Public Library-East Side Branch is a historic building located in Waterloo, Iowa, United States. The public library was established here in 1896. It operated out of two rented rooms, one on the east side of the Cedar River and other on the west side. The Carnegie Foundation offered a grant of $30,000 to build a new library, but disagreements erupted over whether to place the building on the east side or west side of the river. They then agreed to grant $40,000 for a mid-river building, or the same amount for two buildings. In the end they agreed to grant the community $24,000 to build this building and a similar amount for the west side branch. Waterloo architect John G. Ralston designed both buildings in the Neoclassical style. Both were dedicated on February 23, 1906. The single-story Bedford stone structure was built over a raised basement. It is one of the few stone buildings in Waterloo. The building has a central portico with paired Ionic columns. It is part of a larger central mass that is oriented from front to back and sits across the lower hipped roof.</p><br>
<p>In 1977 voters in Waterloo approved a $3,650,000 bond referendum to renovate the city&#39;s 1938 post office and federal building to house the library. The post office vacated the building in 1979 when it relocated. The old library building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1988. The building is now used by the city of Waterloo.</p><br>
<p>The La Porte City Station, also known as the La Porte City Hall, is a historic building located in La Porte City, Iowa, United States. It was built as a depot for the Waterloo, Cedar Falls & Northern Railroad, an interurban system. The system began in 1885 as the Waterloo Street Railway Co., and grew to include routes to Cedar Falls , Denver, Iowa , and Waverly . In 1912 it was expanded to Cedar Rapids, and this building was constructed at that time. It is a single-story, brick, Georgian Revival structure. It served as a depot until 1928, when it was replaced by a new building that was more freight focused rather than passenger focused as this depot was. This building was acquired by La Porte City at that time for use as a city hall. The community&#39;s public library was organized in 1945, and it was located here as well. The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1979. The library has subsequently been moved to a different building on Main Street.</p><br>
<p>The LaPorte City Town Hall and Fire Station is a historic building located in La Porte City, Iowa, United States. The town hall/fire station portion of the buildings was completed in 1876, five years after the town was organized. The two-story, brick structure has a gable roof hidden behind a metal false front. A two-story brick addition was built onto the north side of the building in 1911 for a town jail. The fire station was housed on the main floor of the original building where the two round-arch doorways are located. The doorways were altered in 1950 to accommodate larger fire vehicles. A single story concrete block addition was built at the same time. The fire department operated from here until 1968, and the large doorways were restored to their original arched form in the 1970s. The second floor of the original building was utilized as the town hall until the 1930s when it moved to the former La Porte City Station. The space was rented to the local high school for classrooms until 1974. After the fire department moved out the building the FFA Agricultural Museum began to occupy part of the building, until it eventually occupied the whole facility.</p><br>
<p>Fire Station No. 2, also known as El Mecca Shrine Club, is a historic building located in Waterloo, Iowa, United States. The city&#39;s paid fire department dates from 1904. Prior to that Waterloo was served by private fire companies. Built in 1907, this is the only early fire station left in the city. This building is an eclectic combination of the Renaissance Revival and the Romanesque Revival styles. It was designed by the prominent Waterloo architect John G. Ralston. The decorative elements on the main floor are found in the columns with foliated capitals that support a broad entablature. The second story is primarily brick with lighter stone accents for a polychromatic effect. The building was used as a fire station until 1969 when the city built five new stations. Black Hawk County used the building as an office to issue food stamps. El Mecca Shrine acquired the building in 1976 and converted it into a restaurant and club. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1988.</p><br>
<p>Emerson School is a historic building located in Waterloo, Iowa, United States. It is oldest extant school campus on the citys west side. Emerson was established in 1893 when its first building was constructed on this property. It was the third school in West Waterloo. The original building was replaced when the present main building was completed in 1906. The annex was built ten years later to accommodate the schools increased enrollment. They are connected by a hyphen. The complex was designed by Waterloo architect John G. Ralston. The original building is a two-story brick structure on a raised limestone basement designed in the Neoclassical style. It features broken pediment gable ends, stylized pilasters on the gable ends of the upper level, Palladian dormers, and corner pilaster capitals. The annex was designed in the Second Renaissance Revival style. It is also a two-story brick structure. Typical of this style the annex features distinct horizontal divisions separated by belt and stringcourses. There is also a parapet frieze across the top. In 1973 the building became Expo Alternative High School. The building was closed in 1981, and it was later sold. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2004.</p><br>
<p>Missouri State Capitol Historic District is a national historic district located at Jefferson City, Cole County, Missouri. It encompasses 122 contributing buildings in the central business district of Jefferson City. The district developed between about 1850 and 1950, and includes representative examples of Classical Revival, Late Victorian, Queen Anne, Mission Revival, and Modern Movement style architecture. Located in the district are the separately listed Missouri State Capitol, Lohmans Landing Building, Cole County Historical Society Building, Cole County Courthouse and Jail-Sheriffs House, Missouri Governors Mansion, and Tergin Apartment Building. Other notable buildings include the St. Peters Roman Catholic Church complex , Margaret Upshulte House , Broadway State Office Building , Supreme Court of Missouri , USA Post Office and Courthouse , Lohman&#39;s Opera House , Missouri State Optical , First United Methodist Church , Carnegie Public Library , Temple Beth El , and Joseph and Susie Kolkmeyer House .</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1976, with a boundary increase in 2002.</p><br>
<p>Capitol Avenue Historic District is a national historic district located at Jefferson City, Cole County, Missouri. It encompasses 107 contributing buildings in a predominantly residential section of Jefferson City. The district developed between about 1870 and 1947, and includes representative examples of Classical Revival, Late Victorian, Bungalow / American Craftsman, and Art Deco style architecture. Located in the district are the separately listed Lester S. and Missouri "Zue" Gordon Parker House, Jefferson Female Seminary, Missouri State Penitentiary Warden&#39;s House, and Ivy Terrace. Other notable buildings include the Parsons House , former Missouri Baptist Building , Grace Episcopal Church , Elizabeth Alien Ewing House , James A. Houchin House , J. Henry Asel, Sr. and Hilda Asel House , Dix Apartments , W.C. Young House , Bella Vista Apartments , and Prince Edward Apartments .</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2002.</p><br>
<p>St. Albans Town Hall is the center of government of the town of St. Albans, Vermont. It is located at 579 Lake Road  in the village of St. Albans Bay. It is a Richardsonian Romanesque building, constructed in 1898, two years after the city of St. Albans, the former town center, was politically separated. The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1996.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>St. Albans Town Hall is located on the west side of Lake Road in St. Albans Bay, at the southwest corner with Cherry Street. It is built of brick on a limestone foundation, and is two stories in height with a hip roof. It is basically T-shaped with a horizontally oriented front section and a projecting ell at the center of the rear. The main facade has a double-door entrance recessed in a rounded arch on the right, and five sash window bays across the rest of the facade. The only windows on the second level are a band of three windows above two of the lower ones, above which a half-round window is mounted in the same opening, rising into a flush gable dormer. The slate roof has extended eaves with visible rafter ends. The interior retains a significant number of original features despite 20th-century alterations.</p><br>
<p>The town of St. Albans was first settled in 1778, at the site of St. Albans Bay, and was for many years the town&#39;s principal economic hub, serving as a port on Lake Champlain. St. Albans Village, located 3 mi to the east, was its original civic center and the seat of the Franklin County government. The Village eclipsed the Bay in importance due to the introduction of the railroad there, and was separately incorporated as the city of St. Albans in 1896. This left the town with no civic government buildings and a shortage of public school buildings. The present town hall was designed by Vermont architect Arthur H. Smith to address both of these issues, and was completed in 1898. It housed town offices, a graded elementary school, and an auditorium on the second floor. It was used as a school until 1961, when a new school was opened, and that space was converted into additional office space for the town.</p><br>
<p>The Warren Village Historic District encompasses the village center of Warren, Vermont. Stretched mainly along Main Street east of the Mad River, it is a well-preserved 19th-century mill village, although most of its period mill infrastructure has been lost. The district has good examples of Greek Revival, Italianate, and Second Empire architecture. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1992.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The town of Warren was chartered in 1789, with early settlement in the eastern parts of the town. A road from Granville to Waitsfield was built along the Mad River, including the portion of Main Street on the river&#39;s east bank. Brook Road, extending east from Main Street, was built by the 1820s, when the village began to take shape. Development was spurred by the availability of water power on the river itself and on several tributaries that feed it in the immediate area. The cemetery and village common were laid out in 1826, its first school in 1835, and the first church in 1838. By the 1870s there were as many as nine mills, producing a variety of products, in the immediate area of the village. The economy was severely damaged in the early 20th century by a series of fires and floods, which destroyed all of the local mills. The 1927 flood was particularly severe, washing out all but one of the dams on the local waterways. Vermont Route 100, located on the west side of the Mad River, was built in the 1950s, and the area has since seen a minor resurgence as a center for ski tourism, fueled by the Sugarbush Resort north of the village.</p><br>
<p>The historic districts northern end is on the west side of the Mad River, at the junction of Main Street and Vermont Route 100. It soon crosses the river on a modern bridge, and its southern extent is beyond the Warren Covered Bridge. It extends eastward on Flat Iron Road and Brook Road, and includes the village cemetery on Cemetery Road. Most of the buildings are of wood frame construction, 1-1/2 to 2-1/2 stories in height. The predominant architectural styles are Greek Revival and Italianate, although they are largely vernacular in expression. There are two small well-crafted Second Empire houses in the village. Also included in the historic district are the archaeological remnants of the villages industrial past, and the one surviving dam on the Mad River.</p><br>
<p>The Hassayampa Bridge is a bridge spanning the Hassayampa River in Hassayampa, Arizona, located in Maricopa County. The existing structure was completed in 1929 and is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In 1915 a timber bridge was built spanning the river. It was upgraded to a more permanent structure in 1922 with the addition of two steel trusses. In 1927, the Arizona Highway Department began to assess how to replace the existing structure with a permanent structure. Based on a concrete slab-and-girder structure, they solicited bids for the project. In 1928 they received bids from four companies, based on that design: R.H. Martin (Tucson, Arizona ), the Levy Construction Company (Denver, Colorado), Wicks Engineering and</p><br>
<p>Construction Company (Des Moines, Iowa), and Strong and Grant (Springville, Utah). The contract was awarded to the low bidder, Strong and Grant, on December 4, 1928, for the sum of $47,325. Construction began in January 1929 and was completed in July of the same year.</p><br>
<p>With the completion in 1929 of the existing concrete structure, the last obstacle on the states most major east-west route, USA Route 80 was eliminated. USA 80 was an early coast-to-coast highway in the United States, and this was an important construction on that route. At the time of the construction of this bridge, US 80 was Arizonas most heavily trafficked highway. With the implementation of the Interstate Highway System in the late 1950s, the bridge was re-designated to county road status.</p><br>
<h2>Structure</h2><br>
<p>The original design by the Arizona Highway Department consisted of a multi-span concrete slab-and-girder structure, with concrete abutments and piers. The bridge contains over 2,000 cubic yards of concrete and 146,000 lb of steel.</p><br>
<p>The structure consists of seven spans of 45.7 ft each, with a total span of 319.6 ft. The bridge is 24.2 ft wide, and has an asphalt-over-concrete deck. The substructure is made up of concrete abutments and wingwalls with solid concrete piers. Other features of the bridge include moulded concrete guardrails with arch-pierced concrete walls, cantilevered roadway with tapered cantilevered brackets, and tapered girder haunches at piers.</p><br>
<p>Château de Saint-Fargeau is a 17th century, Renaissance château located in the commune of Saint-Fargeau in the department of Yonne, in the Burgundy region of France.</p><br>
<p>The château was originally a hunting residence in 10th century. This was destroyed in the 15th and a castle was built on its foundations. This castle was itself destroyed by fire and promptly rebuilt in the 17th century, with additions and major improvements made in the 19th and 20th centuries.</p><br>
<p>The Château de Saint-Fargeau has a distinctive design. From above, the château&#39;s curtains and towers form an irregular pentagon, the corners of which are formed by six towers of pink brick. Five of the towers are topped with lanterns. The château was designated as a monument historique in 1945 and has been open to the public since.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Originally, Saint-Fargeau was a fortified hunting residence, built in 980 by Héribert, bishop of Auxerre, and natural son of Hugh the Great and brother of Hugues Capet. The first known lord of the castle was Ithier, lord of Toucy in c. 1060. In 1411, there was a siege of the residence, then lands passed to Louis de Bar, bishop of Verdun and cardinal, who bequeathed them in 1430 to his nephew Jean-Jacques, Marquis of Montferrat.</p><br>
<p>On February 11, 1450, his sons Jean, Guillaume and Boniface sold "the lands and châtellenies of Saint-Fargeau" to Jacques Cœur. After the downfall of Jacques Coeur, the castle was sold to Antoine de Chabannes, Earl of Dammartin, Grand Master of France, and in 1453, a castle was built on the foundations of the old residence. He began, in 1467, by building the large tower, destined to serve as a retreat until the complete reconstruction of the château, the tower of which would later become the keep. Since Antoine was a supporter and comrade-in-arms to Joan of Arc, the castle was heavily fortified.</p><br>
<p>In 1461, Louis XI became king. He took revenge on Antoine de Chabannes for past wrongs by returning Saint-Fargeau to the Cœur family and by arresting Chabannes. His son, Jean Chabannes, later purchased the castle and the grounds from Coeur family for 10,000 gold crowns. The castle was then passed down his family for several generations until Henri de Bourbon, was the father-in-law of Gaston d&#39;Orleans, brother of Louis XIII and father of the Duchesse de Montpensier.</p><br>
<p>In 1541, Nicolas dAnjou transformed Saint-Fargeau into a royal residence. He created the facade that connected the large tower to the two towers of the entrance. Several generation later, the first cousin of Louis XIV, Anne-Marie-Louise dOrléans, (also known as La Grande Mademoiselle) was exiled to Saint-Fargeau because of her position during the Fronde. The castle was redesigned by the King&#39;s architect, Francois Le Vau, and between 1653 and 1657, the four internal facades of the castle were altered to a more Classical style.</p><br>
<p>A wing called "des Forts" was added in 1714, under the ownership of Michel-Robert Le Peletier des Forts (1675-1740). He later built a portrait studio in 1727 to commemorate his appointment as Comptroller General (1726-1730).</p><br>
<p>In 1752, a fire destroyed the interior as well as the two houses adjoining the chapel, the old apartments of La Grande Mademoiselle, the gallery and the guards&#39; room, which was the largest in France at the time of its creation. The exterior walls were all that remained. Still under the ownership of Le Peletier des Forts, the family restored the building.</p><br>
<p>In 1809, that Le Peletier de Mortefontaine had created an English-style landscaped park that has survived. The estate at the time spanned three departments over some 15,000 hectares.</p><br>
<p>In the 19th century, "two bodies of buildings were converted into dormitories, one of which consisted mostly of guest-rooms, which were given hunters in winter by the guests," a period which was evoked by the vast "truly grandiose dining room. The dome ceiling is beautifully decorated with an eagle with outstretched wings, high and severe woodwork", and some reproductions of old photographs exhibited in the room of the Gardes. Later in the nineteenth century, four large round and oval lawns in the Court of Honoor were created and decorated."</p><br>
<p>In 1949, the château was classified as a monument historique. This included the façades, the exterior and the courtyard, the roofs, the moat and the park.</p><br>
<p>In the 1960s the château was owned by the Ormesson family. In 1974, the award-winning author Jean d&#39;Ormesson published his book, Au plaisir de Dieu, wherein he wrote about his childhood experiences at the castle. A copy of his book remains on display at the château.</p><br>
<p>In 1977, Michel Guyot and his brother Jacques, supported by the local authorities, acquired the château and its estate and undertook to restore it and bring it back to life. The restoration efforts were successful and the château has become a popular tourist attraction. Some rooms in the private part of the château, which have preserved their old decoration, are rented to the public. The restored areas of the Château de Saint-Fargeau are also open to the public. There is also a sound and light show organized by the association "Les Amis du Château de Saint-Fargeau" to raise funds for additional restorations. It lasts two hours and traces more than 1,000 years of "History through Joan of Arc and the French Revolution". This production has taken place for more than 25 years and involves over 700 actors and 50 horseback riders from the surrounding community. As of 2016, Michel Guyot is still the owner of the chateau and has gone on to establish the Guédelon Castle project.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The château is a mixture of 15th and 17th century architecture. The curtains and towers form an irregular pentagon, the corners of which are formed by six pink-brick towers, five of which are capped with lanterns. The biggest and oldest of the six towers is the original Moulin (mill) tower, also known as the Jacques Cœur tower, that has oval diameters from 24 to 36 meters. This tower was also deliberately built to lean inwards in order to more effectively channel rainwater to the storage vessels within the castle. The Twin Towers at the entrance are known as the towers of Bar and Toucy.</p><br>
<p>Classics facades were introduced to the château by François Le Vau, one of the architects of the Château de Versailles. He created unique designs into the walls, staircase and dome using various sized brick and stone.</p><br>
<p>The Richmond Underwear Company Building is a historic industrial facility at 65 Millet Road in Richmond, Vermont. Built in 1900, it was the town&#39;s first major industrial facility, bringing an economic boom to the town. The factory was used for the manufacture of underwear until 1946, and has seen a variety of industrial and commercial uses since then. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1992.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Richmond Underwear Company Building stands in the village of Richmond, on the west side of Millet Street, an otherwise residential street off West Main Street (United States Route 2). It is a two-story wood frame structure, sixteen bays long and seven deep, with a gabled roof topped by a central square gable-roofed cupola. The long street-facing facade has regularly spaced windows on the second level, and a series of irregularly arranged pedestrian entrances, windows, and equipment bays on the first floor.</p><br>
<p>The Richmond Underwear Company was formed in 1900, in response to a drive by the people of Richmond to attract a business to the town by means of financial inducement. The factory was built in a former apple orchard in seven months of 1900, and became one of Vermont&#39;s largest manufacturers of underwear, employing 300 people. This resulted in an influx of workers, and a building boom in the town that rapidly reshaped its character. It was the first building in the town to be fitted with steam heat and electrical power. In 1946 the building was sold to the Cellucord Corporation, a maker of rope from paper products. The building has seen a variety of uses since, and has also had significant periods of vacancy and decay. It presently houses offices.</p><br>
<p>Duckwater Valley is a valley in Nye County, Nevada. It starts south of the northern border of Nye County, and runs south for a distance of approximately 12 miles to Railroad Valley. The Duckwater Valley is enclosed by the Pancake Range in the west and by the Duckwater Hills in the east. The Duckwater Creek crosses the valley. State Route 379 goes partially through the Duckwater Valley as well. The only populated place in the valley is Duckwater. Part of the valley is occupied by the Duckwater Reservation.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The valley had been inhabited for a long time by Native Americans, when the first white Americans settled in the Duckwater Valley in the 1860s after silver ore was discovered in nearby Hamilton. Agriculture arose in the valley, and for years hay, grain, vegetables, and fruit were grown for the inhabitants of Hamilton. Isaak "Ike" Irwin, who produced hay, was in 1868 the first person to settle in the present-day village Duckwater. When Hamilton was in decline, farmers in the Duckwater Valley started focussing on hay and grain, that they fed to their cattle. According to the 1881 book History of Nevada by Thompson and West, the valley consisted almost entirely of meadows, of which 800 acres was occupied by agricultural lands. That land was used for growing grain and vegetables. Back then, some fruit plants had been planted recently.</p><br>
<p>Thereafter, the livestock sector gradually grew in the Duckwater Valley, and it became the biggest in the valley. Around 1910, the farmers reduced the size of their cattle, because their rangelands were damaged by flocks of wild sheep in the winter season. In 1913, the Ely Record said the Duckwater Valley was "one of the most extensive ranching and farming sections in Eastern Nevada." The newspaper wrote that there were a number of ranches, one of which with 1,000 acres of land, of which 600 acres were in cultivation. Those ranches grew hay, grain, alfalfa, and potatoes, and were grazed by herds of cattle.</p><br>
<p>The reservation of the Duckwater Shoshone Tribe, that is situated entirely in the Duckwater Valley, has a surface area of over 3,850 acres, and was officially created in 1940. The idea to establish a reservation had first been raised in 1937 by employees of the Florio Ranch, of which the owner wasn&#39;t able to pay the mortgage after he lost all his sheep in a blizzard. They figured they could sell the ranch together with some other ranches to the government for an Indian reservation. After the idea received the support of the Shoshone, the Bureau of Indian Affairs bought two ranches, and thus created the Indian reservation. At its creation, it had a size of 3,240 acres, but the government has expanded it since by acquiring more ranch lands.</p><br>
<p>The Downtown Momence Historic District is a national historic district which encompasses the commercial core of downtown Momence, Illinois. The district includes 49 contributing buildings, all but two of which are commercial buildings; the remaining two are residential. While the oldest building in the district dates to 1849, significant development in downtown Momence did not begin until the Chicago, Danville and Vincennes Railroad reached the city in 1871. Roughly one-third of the district&#39;s buildings, primarily retail stores, were built between 1871 and 1900. Most of the remaining buildings were built between 1900 and 1930; these were more diverse and included banks, entertainment and recreational facilities, and automobile-related businesses toward the end of the period. The architectural styles seen in the district are representative of American commercial architectural trends of the late 19th and early 20th centuries; the majority of the buildings have Italianate designs, though examples of Greek Revival, Classical Revival, and Romanesque Revival architecture can also be found in the district.</p><br>
<p>The district was added to the National Register of Historic Places on May 31, 2006.</p><br>
<p>Point School was a one-room schoolhouse located at 6976 N. Vincennes Trail near Grant Park, Illinois. The school was built in 1854 to serve Yellowhead Township District #8, one of nine school districts in the county. As was typical of Midwestern one-room schoolhouses, the school was a white rectangular frame building; it featured a gable front and three windows along each of the sides. The school operated until 1948, when it was closed due to school consolidation in the area. While Kankakee County once had 151 one-room schoolhouses, an Illinois Historic Preservation Agency survey in 1992 determined that the Point School was one of only three one-room schoolhouses that still stood at its original site and had not been significantly altered.</p><br>
<p>The school was added to the National Register of Historic Places on November 5, 1992. It is no longer standing at its original site.</p><br>
<p>Whittier School is a historic building located in Waterloo, Iowa, United States. The citys west side began a period of rapid growth in the 1890s. By 1904 the property for this school had been purchased for $9,270. Waterloo architect John G. Ralston designed this and the new Emerson School at the same time, and they both opened in 1906. Whitter was part of the development of Waterloos streetcar subdivions during the city&#39;s housing boom from 1900 to 1920. It was built in four phases between 1906 and 1915. Its H-shape design is an example of the "Platoon School" design, which was meant to improve the health and education of the students by providing more windows for better ventilation and lighting. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2004. The former school has been converted into apartments for low to moderate income people.</p><br>
<p>Fort Mackenzie is a former USA Army post in Sheridan, Wyoming, now used by the USA Veterans Administration as the Sheridan Veterans Administration Medical Center.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Fort Mackenzie was established in Sheridan in 1898 as a USA Army outpost in northern Wyoming. It was named for Colonel Ranald S. Mackenzie (1840 &ndash; 1889), a veteran of the Powder River Expedition who defeated Cheyenne Chief Dull Knife near the Big Horn Mountains in the Dull Knife Fight of 1876. Established 24 years after the Battle of Little Bighorn and after nearby military posts in Montana had been abandoned, the fort was regarded as a pork-barrel project instigated by Wyoming&#39;s Congressional delegation following Wyoming statehood in 1890, rather than as a project driven by military requirements. The first garrison arrived in June 1899, with one officer and 20 enlisted personnel. By 1903 more troops had arrived, including two "colored" units. The peak of the establishment was reached in 1911 with 601 men. The post rapidly declined after that when World War I created higher priorities for manpower and garrisons, and the post was abandoned on November 3, 1918. The original military post included 6,280 acre of land.</p><br>
<p>The site was initially transferred to the Public Health Service in 1921. From 1922 the site was used as a veterans hospital, with an initial capacity of 125 beds. At its peak in the late 1940s it had 900 beds, specializing in neuropsychiatric conditions. In the late 1970s the hospital&#39;s capacity was 364 beds, with a staff of 505.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>There are 48 structures listed as contributions to the Fort Mackenzie National Register of Historic Places district. The campus represents a uniform community of red brick hospital buildings, residences and supporting with simplified neoclassical detailing. The hospital reservation comprises 272 acre with about 78 buildings, most of which were built for the military garrison or for the establishment of the hospital. Many of the remaining buildings were built from the 1930s in a compatible style. The earlier buildings are arranged in two rows and along a curved avenue. The ensemble presents a homogeneous complex comparable to those of Fort Yellowstone or the original army post at Francis E. Warren Air Force Base.</p><br>
<p>Fort Mackenzie was placed on the National Register of Historic Places on June 18, 1981.</p><br>
<p>The Swanton Covered Railroad Bridge was a covered bridge in Swanton, Vermont. Built in 1898, it carried the St. Johnsbury and Lamoille County Railroad across the Missisquoi River just west of Swanton village. It was destroyed by fire in 1987, and its site is now occupied by the former West Milton Bridge. The bridge was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1973, and has not been delisted despite its destruction.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The former St. Johnsbury and Lamoille Railroad right of way runs generally easterly from the north-south main line of the Central Vermont Railroad, which runs roughly parallel to the west bank of the north-flowing Missisquoi River west of Swanton village. The covered bridge that stood at this site was three spans, with a total length of 369 ft, set on stone abutments and piers. The bridge was a distinctive combination of Pratt and Town trusses, and had a massive interlaced wooden deck system. Its exterior was finished in vertical board siding.</p><br>
<p>The bridge was built in 1895. By 1973, when it was listed on the National Register, it had been taken out of service and was in deteriorating condition. It was destroyed by fire in 1978. The bridge site has since been replaced the trusses of the former West Milton Bridge, and now serves as part of a multi-use trail.</p><br>
<p>The YMCA Building is a historic building located in Waterloo, Iowa, United States. The local YMCA was established in 1868, three months after the city was incorporated. Its first permanent building was built at this location in 1893. As membership expanded they eventually out grew the building, and it was torn down in 1930. The present building was designed by local architect Mortimer Cleveland and his associate D.B. Toenjes. The general contractor was H.A. Maine Construction. The three-story brick structure features decorative elements from the Art Deco mode. The first level has housed commercial firms in the storefronts. An addition was built onto the west side of the building in 1959 to house adult activities. The local YMCA built a new facility and moved from here in 1982. The following year the building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places. It has been converted into an office building.</p><br>
<p>The Omulyakh Bay  is a bay in the East Siberian Sea.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>This bay is located west of the Sundrun River region and east of the Yana Bay.</p><br>
<p>Omulyakh Bay is open to the east through a narrow and straight channel and is 115 km in length. Starting from its mouth the bay widens inside, until it reaches a width of 25 km. It has a curved inlet at its end. The Khromskaya Bay is very similar to this bay and lies only 40 km south. Both bays share the same mouth.</p><br>
<p>This bay is in an area of wetlands; lakes and marshes dot the whole landscape. Owing to is northerly location the Omullyakh Bay is covered with ice most of the year.</p><br>
<p>The Omulyakh Bay and the area surrounding it belong to the Sakha Republic (Yakutia) administrative division of the Russian Federation.</p><br>
<p>Kurile Lake is a caldera and crater lake in Kamchatka, Russia. It is also known as Kurilskoye Lake or Kuril Lake. It is part of the Eastern Volcanic Zone of Kamchatka which, together with the Sredinny Range, forms one of the volcanic belts of Kamchatka. These volcanoes form from the subduction of the Pacific Plate beneath the Okhotsk Plate and the Asian Plate.</p><br>
<p>Before the Kurile Lake caldera formed, the Pauzhetka caldera was active during the Pleistocene and was the origin of the 443,000 ± 8,000 years old Golygin ignimbrite. The Kurile Lake caldera erupted 41,500 years ago and another small eruption occurred between 9,000 and 10,000 years ago; then 6460–6414 BC a very large eruption took place, forming the present-day caldera and the Kurile Lake ignimbrite and deposited ash as far as 1,700 km away. This eruption has a volume of 140 -, making it a VEI 7-class eruption and one of the largest during the Holocene. Subsequently, the volcanoes Diky Greben and Ilinsky grew around the caldera; the last eruption from Ilinsky was in 1911.</p><br>
<p>The caldera is filled by a lake with an area of 76 km&sup2; and a maximum depth of 316 m. It contains the largest sockeye salmon stocks in Asia.</p><br>
<h2>Geography and structure</h2><br>
<p>Kurile Lake is found in the southern part of the Kamchatka Peninsula, and is one of the most impressive volcanoes there. It is located in a rugged volcanic landscape. The region was not always part of the Kamchatka Peninsula; during the middle Pleistocene it was an island. Georg Wilhelm Steller visited the area in 1740–1743.</p><br>
<p>Kurile Lake is formed by two basins, which are separated by a 150 m subaqueous ridge. The centre part of the lake is formed by a flat basin; canyons cut into the slopes of the western side of the lake, where the Ozernaya and Kumnynk rivers open into the lake. The Etamynk and Khakytsin rivers conversely have formed an alluvial fan. The maximum depth of the lake is 316 m, with an average depth of 195 m.</p><br>
<p>The southern basin is deeper than the northern basin (300 m against the 200 m of the northern basin) and is a Holocene caldera. The nature of the northern basin is less clear; Bondarenko in 1991 supposed that it was an older separate caldera which he named Ilinsky, but Braitseva et al. 1997 and Ponomareva et al. 2004 consider both to be the Kurile Lake caldera. This caldera has an area of about 45 km&sup2, or 14 x. In that case, the ridge that separates the two basins may be a deposit left when earthquakes preceding the caldera forming eruption caused Ilinsky volcano to collapse. Caldera collapse was controlled by faults that parallel the lake shores. Some islands in the lake formed by slumping and others are volcanic cones; the "Heart of Alaid" (Serdtze Alaida) is a 300 m high lava dome. A number of lava domes and pyroclastic cones are found in the lake. The Severnaya bay may be an explosion crater. Lava flows from Ilinsky extend into the lake.</p><br>
<p>Ring faults, partially buried by alluvial fans and landslides, limit the caldera in the lake. A large landslide forms Glinyany Peninsula in the southeastern shore of the lake. Post-caldera activity has formed some islands in the lake and the Diky Greben volcano. Both Glinyany Peninsula and the post-caldera lava domes (Chayachii, Serdtze Alaida, Tugumynk) were affected by slumping. Approximately 120 - of sediment and volcanites bury the deposits left in the caldera by the caldera-forming eruption.</p><br>
<p>The rim of the Kurile Lake caldera is best expressed at Ilinsky volcano and south and northwest thereof. Close to the lake, two Pleistocene caldera rims can be found and there may be more. The volcanoes Diky Greben, Ilinsky, Kambalny, Kosheleva and Zheltovsky surround Kurile Lake. Diky Greben formed after the eruption of Kurile Lake.</p><br>
<p>Gravimetry indicates that there is still a magma chamber beneath Kurile Lake, at a depth of about 4 km. This magma chamber is about 10 km wide.</p><br>
<h2>Geology</h2><br>
<p>The Pacific Plate subducts at a pace of about 8 cm/yr beneath the Okhotsk Plate and Asian Plate. This subduction is responsible for the Kamchatka-Kuril Trench as well as for volcanism in Kamchatka. The Wadati-Benioff Zone lies 100 km beneath Kurile Lake.</p><br>
<p>Kurile Lake is included in the Eastern Volcanic Zone of Kamchatka, 200 km away from the trench. It is one of the two or three volcanic zones of Kamchatka, the other ones being the Central Depression and the Sredinny Range. Only the first two have had historical activity. The neighbouring volcano Ilinsky was active in 1911 and Zheltovsky was active in 1923. Hydrothermal activity may still be ongoing in the lake.</p><br>
<p>The oldest volcanoes of the Pauzhetka structure may be of Oligocene-Miocene age; during that time the area was in the sea. The sedimentary Paratunka Formation and the Kurilsky complex were deposited during that time; they are exposed east and southwest of Kurile Lake. About 600 - of basaltic rocks were erupted during the Miocene-Pliocene. The Pauzhetka depression formed during the Pliocene or Pleistocene and was most likely accompanied by the eruption of the 300 - Golygino ignimbrite. The eruption of this ignimbrite occurred 443,000 ± 8000 years ago. Afterwards, a resurgent dome named the Kambalny ridge formed in the Pauzhetka structure, as well as a proto-Ilinsky volcano.</p><br>
<h3>Local</h3><br>
<p>The basement in the area is formed by Miocene-Pliocene sedimentary rocks and volcanic rocks. During the Pleistocene calderas, lava plateaus, somma volcanoes like pre-Ilinsky stratovolcanoes formed in the area.</p><br>
<p>One caldera that formed in the area is the Pauzhetka Caldera, of middle Pleistocene age. the possibility that a later caldera existed in the Pauzhetka caldera was considered. Kurile Lake is located in the eastern part of this Pauzhetka caldera, which has dimensions of 55 x. In the centre of the Pauzhetka caldera lies a 650 m wide depression that covers an area of 25 x.</p><br>
<h3>Regional explosive activity</h3><br>
<p>Southern kamchatka has been the site of explosive eruptions during history; the Ksudach volcano 50 km north of Kurile Lake had five caldera forming eruptions during the Pleistocene and Holocene. The time period between 6400 and 6600 BC was especially active, with caldera forming eruptions including the one that formed Kurile Lake.</p><br>
<p>Kurile Lake is not the only volcano in Kamchatka with major explosive eruptions during the Holocene that exceeded VEI 5; three other such eruptions occurred at Ksudach volcano and one at Karymsky volcano.</p><br>
<h3>Composition</h3><br>
<p>Volcanic rocks of Kurile Lake range from basaltic andesite to rhyolite. They contain small to medium amounts of potassium.</p><br>
<p>Rhyolite makes up the bulk of the eruption products of Kurile Lake. Minerals contained include plagioclase, orthopyroxene, clinopyroxene, magnetite and hornblende in decreasing order of importance. The ash becomes white away from the vent, while near-vent deposits are often yellow.</p><br>
<h2>Environment</h2><br>
<p>Vegetation around the caldera consists mostly of bush and forest. At the edge of the lake there is no macrovegetation.</p><br>
<p>Vegetation in Kamchatka overall consists mostly of alder bushes, pine and stone birch. Along valleys cottonwood and willow can be found as well. In 1998, Kurile Lake had the highest density of brown bears of Kamchatka, and possibly of the entirety of Russia. The lake is a nature reserve.</p><br>
<h3>Lake</h3><br>
<p>The Kurile Lake caldera is filled by the Kurile crater lake, covering a surface area of 76 km&sup2;. A lake existed already before the Kurile Lake caldera forming eruption. The present-day lake has a volume of 14.6 km3 and a catchment of 392 km&sup2, it is surrounded by steep shores.</p><br>
<p>In June 2011, a water temperature of 1.9 &deg;C. The lake waters are oligotrophic. The Ozernaya River drains the lake to the Sea of Okhotsk. Reports in 1923 indicate that the lake was formerly up to 50 m higher than today, possibly because lava flows dammed its outlet. At least two other shorelines are found 15 - above the current water level. The caldera lake may have suffered a catastrophic outburst flood in the past.</p><br>
<p>Diatoms form most of the phytoplankton, with Cyclotella, Melosira, Stephanodiskus and Synedra. Dominant copepod species in summer 2011 include Cyclops scutifer and the dominant cladocerans Daphnia longiremis. Other species as well as rotifers are also present, they constitute sources of food for sockeye salmons. A number of annelid species are also found, many of the species that are found in neighbouring waters cannot be found in the lake. The chironomid midge Chaetocladius tatianae is endemic to the Kurile Lake watershed.</p><br>
<p>Sockeye salmon fisheries are present at the lake. The lake is a major nursery for this species of fish. The number of fish in the lake ranges from 260,000 to over 6 million. The stocks found at Kurile Lake are the largest in Asia.</p><br>
<h2>Eruptive history</h2><br>
<p>The idea that pumices around Kurile Lake were formed by an eruption in the area of the lake was first suggested by Piip in 1947. Later research identified these pumices as the product of the caldera-forming eruption, although some scepticism remains, which considers these pumices as the product of fissure eruptions. An earlier Pleistocene caldera-forming eruption took place 41,500 years ago, ash deposits from this eruption are found as far away as Magadan, 1,000 km away from Kurile Lake, and possibly Lake El′gygytgyn.</p><br>
<p>The Kurile Lake caldera forming eruption, also known as "KO", occurred in 6460-6414 BC. It is the largest known Holocene eruption in Kamchatka. Tephra from this eruption has been found in southern Kamchatka and also Magadan in Asia. The total volume of the Kurile Lake caldera forming eruption is about 140 -, corresponding to a volcanic explosivity index of 7 and comparable to the 1815 eruption of Tambora. Other volcanoes with such large eruptions during the Holocene include Baitoushan, Crater Lake and Kikai. The volume of the Kurile Lake eruption may have exceeded that of the Tambora eruption.</p><br>
<p>The caldera forming eruption commenced with a phreatoplinian eruption that generated deposits of fine ash. Several yellowish rhyolitic ignimbrites were erupted, reaching a thickness of over 50 m. These ignimbrites filled gullies around the lake and also reach thicknesses of several tens of centimetres in the Vychenkiya River and Unkanovich River valleys. This eruption phase occurred through the lake. All these deposits were formed by the same event. Subsequently, a short eruption of lapilli and pumice consisting of dacite and rhyolite occurred, most of it falling towards the northwest; their thickness reaches 20 cm north of the lake. Some basaltic scoria was also deposited during this phase. At this point, the vent had emerged above the water level and was generating an eruption column that deposited ash over southern Kamchatka. Eventually, the vent widened and caused the eruption column to collapse. At this point, pyroclastic flows formed and deposited the Kurile Lake ignimbrite. Reaching a thickness of 150 m close to the lake, it filled valleys, overran plateaus and ridges and reached both the Pacific Ocean and the Sea of Okhotsk. The ignimbrite was highly mobile, overrunning high topographic obstacles and flowing along valleys in a complex flow pattern. The ignimbrite covered a total surface area of 1,800 -. This ignimbrite consists of rocks ranging from basaltic andesite to rhyolite with colours ranging from white to dark. Unusually for such mixed-composition ignimbrites, the rhyolites overlie the more mafic deposits. These mafic ignimbrites are not found around the entire lake, indicating that the magma chamber was asymmetric or its contents were erupted in an asymmetric fashion. The ignimbrite contains remnants of vegetation, accretionary structures formed when the ignimbrite interacted with water, breccia probably formed when conditions at the vent changed, involving the formation of a ring vent. Fumaroles formed as the ignimbrite overran rivers. Some post-eruption alteration of the ignimbrite deposits also took place. In the lake itself, the ignimbrite is about 400 m thick. The pumice deposits have been affected by erosion and possibly by fumarolic activity, forming structures resembling overturned boats that were named "Khutk&#39;s boats" by native settlers.</p><br>
<p>Ash from the eruption spread west-northwest of Kurile Lake, covering a total surface of over 2,000,000 km&sup2 it can be found at large distances from the caldera; 1 mm layers have been found in the upper reaches of the Indigirka River, 1,700 km away from Kurile Lake. Thicknesses still reach several centimetres in Magadan. In the northern Kuriles, the thickness reaches several tens of centimetres. This ash is found in drilling cores in the Sea of Okhotsk. Coignimbrite ash formed when the ignimbrites reached the sea. In terms of composition, it ranges from rhyolite to dacite and is poor in potassium. The ash is an important tephrochronological marker and has been found as far away as Greenland.</p><br>
<p>Before the eruption, a 1,500 year lull in volcanic activity allowed the deposition of soils in the area. A minor eruption occurred at Kurile Lake between 9,000 and 10,000 years ago, resulting in the deposition of tephra north of the caldera. This tephra is formed by gray fine ash and lapilli consisting of dacitic pumice. Other volcanoes also left several tephra deposits. Soils formed after the caldera forming eruptions also contain a number of ash layers by volcanoes both near and far. Volcanic activity occurred at Ilinsky volcano after the caldera forming eruption until 1901, and the similarity between Ilinsky and Kurile Lake rocks indicate that the activities of the two centres are related. Diky Greben formed less than 100 years after the formation of the caldera and was last active 1600 BP. A number of other lava domes and pyroclastic cones formed inside the caldera shortly after the caldera-forming eruption.</p><br>
<h2>Effects and threats</h2><br>
<p>A significant amount of gas was released during the eruption, including 3,700,000,000,000 - water, 43,000,000,000 - chlorine, 8,600,000,000 - fluorine and 26,000,000,000 - sulfur, comparable to the amounts released by Tambora in 1815 and by Huaynaputina in 1600. Two sulfate spikes identified in the GISP2 ice core of Greenland around 6470 and 6476 BC have been linked to the Kurile Lake eruption. The Kurile Lake eruption may have influenced the global climate.</p><br>
<p>The eruption undoubtedly devastated the vegetation in southern Kamchatka, causing an ecological catastrophe. Close to Kurile Lake, all vegetation would have been wiped out, and deposits left by the eruption would have hampered the revegetation as well. In more favourable terrain where the volcanic deposits were quickly removed, some plants like Alnus fruticosa did survive and quickly resettled the terrain.</p><br>
<p>The Iguape-Cananéia-Paranaguá estuary lagoon complex  is a stretch of interconnected coastal estuaries and lagoons that extends southwest from Iguape in the south of São Paulo past Cananéia, São Paulo to Paranaguá, Paraná.</p><br>
<p>It includes the Mar Pequeno in São Paulo, between Ilha Comprida and the mainland, and Paranaguá Bay in Paraná.</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>The Iguape-Cananéia-Paranaguá estuary lagoon complex lies between 24&deg;25&prime;0&Prime;S latitude, 47&deg;5&prime;0&Prime;W longitude (Barra do Una, SP) and 25&deg;29&prime;52&Prime;S latitude, 48&deg;46&prime;57&Prime;W longitude (Morretes, PR) along the southeast São Paulo coast and the north Paraná coast.</p><br>
<p>The complex covers an area of 2,950 km&sup2;.</p><br>
<p>The region is within the Vale do Ribeira, the poorest part of São Paulo.</p><br>
<p>The population grew by 27.18% from 1960 to 1980, but fell by 2.17% between 1980 and 1989.</p><br>
<p>As of 1994 the human population was 153,164 inhabitants.</p><br>
<p>Altitudes range from 0 to 50 m.</p><br>
<p>To the north the complex is bordered by the Juréia Massif and the Serra da Canavieira.</p><br>
<p>In the south, Paranaguá Bay extends about 46 km inland, and has depths up to 10 m.</p><br>
<p>The 612 km&sup2; Paranaguá Bay is an estuarine system rather than an estuary, connecting to the sea through three tidal channels and interconnected with the Iguape-Cananéia Bay system to the north.</p><br>
<p>Tidal amplitude is about 1.5 m.</p><br>
<h2>Environment</h2><br>
<p>The system includes many islands, barrier islands and river deltas, and is the most important ecosystem of the south coast of Brazil.</p><br>
<p>Mean annual temperatures are above 20 &deg;C.</p><br>
<p>Annual rainfall is over 2,000 mm.</p><br>
<p>The greatest rainfall is in the summer, from December to February.</p><br>
<p>Vegetation includes Atlantic Forest and extensive mangroves, as well as beaches and coastal dunes.</p><br>
<p>The hillsides are covered by dense rainforest.</p><br>
<p>The coastal strip has pioneer formations of marine influence on the sand banks, and mangroves of arboreal fluviomarine influence.</p><br>
<p>The environment is well preserved and is home to rich and diverse fauna of birds, mammals fish, molluscs and crustaceans.</p><br>
<p>The complex is an important habitat for marine species.</p><br>
<p>Locally endangered species include great horned owl (Bubo virginianus), tufted capuchin (Sapajus apella), collared peccary (Pecari tajacu), white-lipped peccary (Tayassu pecari), crab-eating raccoon (Procyon cancrivorus) and South American tapir (Tapirus terrestris).</p><br>
<h2>Conservation</h2><br>
<p>Since 1980 the IUCN has considered the Iguape-Cananéia-Paranaguá estuary region to be one of high global importance for nature conservation.</p><br>
<p>The estuary-lagoon complex, and the Vale do Ribeira as a whole, have a coordinated approach to environmental management, with a number of conservaion units of different types.</p><br>
<p>Some are within the Southeast Atlantic Forest World Heritage Site.</p><br>
<p>The main environmental threats come from inefficient handling of chemical products in the port of Paranaguá, tourism-related real estate speculation in the beach areas, dumping of toxic agricultural waste and heavy metals into the Ribeira de Iguape River, which flows into the estuary, and lack of adequate sewage infrastructure.</p><br>
<p>The coastal communities are interested in maintaining the environment on which they depend for a living.</p><br>
<p>They have been involved in regional conservation initiatives such as the planning and zoning process for the Cananéia-Iguape-Peruíbe Environmental Protection Area.</p><br>
<p>Some communities have claimed responsibility for managing natural resources or protected areas.</p><br>
<p>Implementation in 2002 of the 1,175 hectare Mandira Extractive Reserve, whose inhabitants are mainly involved in collecting mangrove oysters (Crassostrea brasiliana), was a positive example of sustainable development.</p><br>
<p>With recognition and help in marketing, the people of the reserve became proud of their environmental conservation work and the quality of their products, and are seen as leaders in the region.</p><br>
<p>Conservation units covering parts of the complex include the Guará Area of Relevant Ecological Interest, Chaúas Ecological Station, Ilha Comprida Environmental Protection Area, Mandira Extractive Reserve, Taquari Extractive Reserve, Lagamar de Cananéia State Park, Itapanhapima Sustainable Development Reserve, Ilha do Cardoso State Park, Ilha do Tumba Extractive Reserve, Superagui National Park, Ilha do Mel Ecological Station, Ilha do Mel State Park, Guaraqueçaba Ecological Station and Sebuí Private Natural Heritage Reserve.</p><br>
<p>Castlekirk, also called Hen&#39;s Castle, is a tower house and National Monument located in Lough Corrib, Ireland.</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>Castlekirk is located on a tiny island (0.18 ha or ½ acre) in the northwest corner of Lough Corrib, on the approach to Maum.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The castle was built early in the 12th century by the sons of Ruaidrí na Saide Buide (d. 1118) aided by William FitzAldelm and is one of the oldest mortared castles in Ireland.</p><br>
<p>The Lord Justice Sir Edmond Butler, in 1225, caused Odo O&#39;Flatherty to give up Castlekirk to Aedh Ua Conchobair, King of Connaught; for assurance of his fidelity. The castle was knocked down by Fedlimid, son of Cathal Crobhdearg Ua Conchobair in 1233.</p><br>
<p>Gráinne Ní Mháille in 1546, at the age of sixteen, married Dónal an-Chogaidh O&#39;Flaherty who, because of his aggressive behaviour, got the nickname ‘the Cock’ and she was in turn was called ‘the Hen’. When Donal was murdered she fought back with fury and with such determination the castle became known as ‘Hen’s Castle’, the name it still bears.</p><br>
<p>It continued to be occupied as a castle until it finally succumbed to Cromwellian soldiers in 1654.</p><br>
<p>In the 19th century this ruin was vandalised and its stones were removed to build houses in the area.</p><br>
<h2>Legends</h2><br>
<p>According to legend, the castle was built in a night by a cock and a hen. The Ó Flaithbheartaigh (O&#39;Flaherty), Gaelic lords of Connemara, hired a witch to build it using magic. In a day and a night of casting spells she succeeded in creating the castle. She left a magic hen to look after it, warning that as long as the hen was looked after, the castle would remain secure. Everything went well until severe weather made life difficult and the inhabitants were forced to eat the hen.</p><br>
<p>Jane Wilde tells of the folklore associated with Hen&#39;s Castle. In her work published in 1888, "Speranza" wrote the following:</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The rocks slope abruptly into the water on all sides.</p><br>
<p>The Florence Robinson Cottage, also known as the Florence Robinson Building and the Alumni Heritage House, is a structure on the National Register of Historic Places located in Wood County, Texas on the campus of Jarvis Christian College outside Hawkins, Texas. The cottage is in the Modern Movement Style.</p><br>
<p>Constructed in 1939-1941 and remodeled in 1976, the building is the only structure on the campus remaining from the eleven year presidency of Peter Clarence Washington at the institution. The building became the Alumni Heritage House in 1976.</p><br>
<p>It was nominated for placement on the National Register of Historic Places in April, 2000, and installed on the registry in May of that year.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture & Style</h2><br>
<p>The home is a one-story, red brick Ranch Style house. The house has a low-pitched, gabled roof with composition shingles and the western entry is covered by a front-gabled porch. The southwestern corner of the building features a screened porch that was enclosed with siding to create a living area. In addition, the original chimneys have been removed from the home.</p><br>
<p>The southern elevation has a central door with six-pane over six-pane windows and wooden siding. The eastern elevation shows three sets of six-over-six windows and a small one-over-one window on the end with the gable. The screened porch, which has been enclosed, is on the southwest corner.</p><br>
<p>The interior of the structure has eight rooms: six bedrooms, a kitchenette, and a lounge located in the area of the formerly screened-in porch. All doors and windows on the structure are original to the construction.</p><br>
<p>It is unclear if any of the wood used in the structure was from an on-campus sawmill that operated at Jarvis, and was operated by students, through the 1940s. Many structures on the campus were built with wood from this sawmill.</p><br>
<h2>Construction & History</h2><br>
<p>The home was constructed between 1939 and 1941 during the administration of Peter Clarence Washington, Jarvis&#39; second president. It is one of two pre-World War II buildings on the campus.</p><br>
<p>Florence Robinson Cottage was construed by students and alumni at Jarvis. It initially served as the residence of the President during Washington&#39;s presidency, but in 1949 became the guest house.</p><br>
<p>The cottage was later renamed for Florence Robinson, who was a former Jarvis instructor who donated $10,000 for the home&#39;s restoration in 1976.</p><br>
<p>The Marcus DeWitt Carlock House is a house with Neoclassical and late-Victorian architectural characteristics that is listed on the National Register of Historic Places and as a Recorded Texas Historic Landmark located at 407 South Main Street, approximately three blocks south of downtown, in Winnsboro, Wood County, Texas. It was the first National Register of Historic Places listing in the city of Winnsboro.</p><br>
<p>It was included on the National Register of Historic Places in 2013. It was designated a Recorded Texas Historic Landmark in 1966.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture & Construction</h2><br>
<p>The Marcus DeWitt Carlock House is next door to the Winnsboro City Hall in a mixed commercial/residential area. The front facade of the home faces the west and the house sits behind a white picket fence. The home has large, distinctive columns and a second-story balcony overlooking the home&#39;s front porch.</p><br>
<p>The home is in the Neoclassical style with asymmetrical massing that is common of large, late Victorian residential construction. The home is constructed on a pier and beam foundation consisting of 56 large brick piers. The home contains 53 windows, balconies on the front and side, six columns, and four covered porches. The home was constructed of heart and curly pine that was personally selected by Marcus DeWitt Carlock. The lumber was milled in a lumber mill in which Carlock held ownership interest.</p><br>
<p>The house, absent the brick foundation, is painted white and has been white throughout the home&#39;s existence.</p><br>
<h3>Interior</h3><br>
<p>The interior included 17 rooms when constructed and a curly pine staircase as well as a wood-burning fireplace in the entryway.</p><br>
<h2>History of the Home</h2><br>
<p>The Marcus DeWitt Carlock house was originally built in 1903. The architect is not known. The original Carlock homestead area included over 20 acres with several outbuildings including a woodhouse, smokehouse, surrey house, greenhouse, servant&#39;s quarters, and similar exterior buildings. Parcels of the land were sold over time as residential neighborhoods transposed most of the original homestead. The remaining homestead is a little over two acres and contains the home itself and the shell of the old carriage house, which has been renovated and re-adapted as an apartment.</p><br>
<p>Following the death of Marcus DeWitt Carlock in 1931 and the death of his wife, Anna Lee Carlock, in 1934, the home was willed to Marcus DeWitt Carlock, Jr., and his half-sister, Isabel Carlock Ragley. Marcus DeWitt, Jr., later bought out his sister&#39;s share of the home. In 1947, it became his permanent home. He opened a law practice in Winnsboro and was a local civic leader.</p><br>
<p>The home remained in the Carlock family until 1996. In 1996, the home was purchased by Norma Wilkinson, at the request of Rhea Carlock, the last heir living in the home. Wilkinson purchased the home on the condition it could be made into a bead and breakfast. The restored home is a bed and breakfast operated as Oaklea Mansion.</p><br>
<h2>Marcus De Witt Carlock & Carlock Family</h2><br>
<p>Marcus De Witt Carlock was a prominent businessman, lawyer, and politician. He was born in Hempstead County, Arkansas, on December 3, 1853. He and his family moved to Texas at the beginning of the American Civil War. As a young child, Carlock followed his father in to various battles, and was present at the battle of Elk Horn/Pea Ridge. Separated from his father after the battle, he never again saw his father. His father, Samuel, died while captive on a Union POW ship following the Battle of Fort Donaldson.</p><br>
<p>He continued to serve as a messenger in the Army of the Confederacy, and carried dispatches 24 miles daily from one army post to another until the war concluded and the Confederate States of America surrendered.</p><br>
<p>Following the war in 1865, the family moved to Pittsburg, Texas (east of Winnsboro) in Camp County, where Carlock enrolled in school. He studied law and was admitted to the bar in April 1879. In 1890, he was appointed as a census enumerator for Camp County.</p><br>
<p>After the 1881 Census, he moved with his brother, who later served as the town&#39;s mayor, to Winnsboro. He was appointed the Precinct 4 Justice of the Peace and, for 14 months, held this office while establishing his private law practice. He had a practice of holding court on the front porch of his grocery store in downtown Winnsboro. Carlock owned interests in a number of businesses in the town including the Schulter-Whiteman Lumber Company, the lumber mill that milled the lumber used in the construction of the home.</p><br>
<p>A Democrat, Carlock served as State Executive Committeeman for the Democratic Party of Texas for four years, and was a friend and supporter of Texas Governor James Hogg, from nearby Quitman.</p><br>
<p>Carlock organized and commanded a company called the "Jim Hogg Rifles," in the Texas State guard in 1888. He served as a presidential elector for the Third Congressional District of Texas and cast that district&#39;s vote for Woodrow Wilson in Washington, D.C., in 1912.</p><br>
<p>At the onset of World War I, Carlock offered to form a cavalry company, but was denied due to his age. Instead, he became involved in the formation of the Council of National Defense and served on that body&#39;s legal advisory board. He was credited with capturing 1,800 volumes of alleged German propaganda that was found circulating in the American South. His son, Marcus DeWitt Carlock, Jr., was also a lawyer and noted Winnsboro civic leader.</p><br>
<p>Historic District D is a national historic district located at Boonville, Cooper County, Missouri. It encompasses 87 contributing buildings in the central business district of Boonville. The district includes representative examples of Late Victorian and Classical Revival style architecture. Located in the district is the separately listed Lyric Theater. Other notable buildings include the Geiger&#39;s Furniture and Appliance , Missouri Power and Light Co , Palace Restaurant and Cocktail Lounge , Boonville Music Co. , Nelson Memorial Methodist Church , United Missouri Bank , Knights of Pythias Building , First Presbyterian Church , P.N. Hirsch & Co. Department Store , Cooper County Recorder , Cooper County Abstract and Insurance Co. , and Cooper County Courthouse .</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1983.</p><br>
<p>New Lebanon Historic District is a national historic district located at New Lebanon, Cooper County, Missouri. The district encompasses five contributing buildings in the central business district of New Lebanon. It developed between about 1860 and 1947, and includes representative examples of Queen Anne style architecture. The five contributing buildings are: the Abram "Abe" Rothgeb Store Building  and three ancillary buildings associated with the store - a feed and oil shed, a tool and storage shed, and a two story barn; and the Dr. Alfred E. Monroe House . Located in the district is the previously listed New Lebanon Cumberland Presbyterian Church and School.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1998.</p><br>
<p>The Wheelock Law Office is a historic commercial building at 135 North Main Street in the city of Barre, Vermont. Built in 1871 for a prominent local lawyer, it is a fine example of Second Empire architecture, and a rare surviving domestically scaled building in an area now primarily filled with larger commercial buildings. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1975.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Wheelock Law Office building stands in the central business district of Barre, on the north side of North Main Street between Keith Avenue and Pearl Street. It is sandwiched on a narrow lot between a 20th-century single-story commercial block, and a three-story late 19th-century commercial buildings. It is a 1-1/2 story brick building, with a bellcast mansard roof providing a full second story. The right side of the front consists of a 2-1/2 story tower, with the building entrance at the base in a round-arch opening. A round-arch window is set above it in the second story, and the tower is capped by a bellcast roof with oculus window dormers. The left side of the front has a large display window on the first floor, and gabled dormers flanking an oculus window dormer in the steep portion of the mansard. A modern single-story addition projects to the rear. The interior of the building retains no historic elements, having been repeatedly remodeled for varying commercial uses.</p><br>
<p>The building was erected in 1871 for Langdon Wheelock, then one of the citys leading attorneys. The area was at the time a tree-lined residential street, with Wheelocks house, a Federal period brick building demolished in 1946, located next door. Since Wheelock&#39;s death in 1873, the building has seen a variety of commercial uses. It is a rare reminder of the once domestic scale of the surrounding streetscape.</p><br>
<p>The John B. Robarge Duplex is a historic multi-unit residence at 58-60 North Champlain Street in Burlington, Vermont. Built 1878-79, it is one of the city&#39;s few examples of an Italianate two-family house. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2005.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The John B. Robarge Duplex stands on the east side of North Champlain Street in Burlington&#39;s Old North End neighborhood, a short way south of its junction with North Street. It is a 2-1/2 story wood frame structure, with a gabled roof and clapboarded exterior. Its front is symmetrical, with two window bays on each story, and a round-arch window set in the gable. Most windows are rectangular sash, topped by a low-pitch gabled lintel. A cross-gable section projects symmetrical to each side in the rear half of the building, with nearly identical porches set in the front corners. The porches have hip roofs, with supporting posts topped by brackets at the eaves.</p><br>
<p>The duplex was built c. 1878-1879, and is a particularly refined yet vernacular expression of the Italianate for what is essentially a working-class house. It is one of the city&#39;s few known examples of an Italiante style duplex. It was built by John Robarge, a blacksmith who built several properties on North Champlain and nearby streets in an area that had formerly been a private estate. Robarge and later his remarried widow used the house as rental property.</p><br>
<p>Cape Unslicht  is a headland in Severnaya Zemlya, Russia.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>Stretching out northwards NW of the Akhmatov Fjord and east of the mouth of Mikoyan Bay, this headland is the northernmost point of Bolshevik Island.</p><br>
<p>Cape Unslicht is one of the landmarks defining the limits of the Laptev Sea according to the International Hydrographic Organization.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Laptev Sea shore of present-day Severnaya Zemlya was discovered by Boris Vilkitsky in 1913 during the Arctic Ocean Hydrographic Expedition on behalf of the Russian Hydrographic Service, but he was unaware that there was a strait west of the cape between what is now Bolshevik Island and the islands further north, for the straits are frozen most of the year, forming a compact whole.</p><br>
<p>Named during the 1930–1932 expedition to the archipelago led by Georgy Ushakov and Nikolay Urvantsev after Zofia Unslicht, a German communist figure, this headland was renamed Mys Peschanyy (Sandy Cape) in Russian, following World War II.</p><br>
<p>There was a weather and scientific station near the cape, Peschanny Polar Station, now abandoned.</p><br>
<p>The Indian Hill Manor and Farm Historic District is a historic house and farm complex located at 6901-7057 Kishwaukee Road in Rockford, Illinois. The district consists of three parts, all of which were once part of the estate of Charles C. and Esta Barrett: a manor house and coach house, a working farm, and a small forest preserve. Charles, a Chicago businessman, and Esta, an actress and socialite, purchased the property in 1915 with the intent of using it as a rural retreat and gentleman&#39;s farm. Rockford architect Charles W. Bradley designed the Colonial Revival manor house and coach house, which were built in 1916-18. Key Colonial features of the design include its rectangular massing, double-hung windows, and classically styled entrance; the house also includes Craftsman elements, such as its low hip roof with overhanging eaves and its exposed ceiling beams in the living and dining rooms. Charles died shortly after the manor house was completed, but Esta lived in the house until she sold it to her son in 1941.</p><br>
<p>The complex was added to the National Register of Historic Places on June 21, 2001.</p><br>
<p>Schebek Palace , otherwise known as "The House of the Angel", is a neo-renaissance building located at Politických vězňů 7, čp. 936/II, in New Town, Prague 1. It is protected as a cultural monument in the Czech Republic.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Prior to the construction of the current Palace, the building lot was occupied by an orphanage. It was sold to two railway magnates, Jan Schebek and František Ringhoffer, in 1868. Jan Schebek then commissioned architect Vojtěch Ignác Ullmann to design the current building. Ullmanns designs were inspired by renaissance Rome, and the building was constructed between 1870 and 1872. Originally designed to be three stories tall, additional floors have been added since the original construction. The building has four wings, with a rectangular courtyard in its center. Of special note are its ceiling murals by Viktor Barvitius, sculptures by Josef Wagner, and the buildings marble staircase which leads to the first floor&#39;s main reception rooms.</p><br>
<p>The Schebek family owned the building for 18 years before selling it to the Austro-Hungarian Bank, where it became the headquarters of the Prague branch of the bank. Following World War I, the building became the headquarters of The Banking Office of the Ministry of Finance in 1919, which was later transformed into the National Bank of Czechoslovakia in 1926. The bank owned the building until 1963, when it was taken over by the Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences (CSAS).</p><br>
<p>Currently the building houses the Center for Economics Research and Graduate Education – Economics Institute (CERGE-EI), and it is owned by a unit of the Czech Academy of Sciences.</p><br>
<p>The Swanton School is a historic school building at 53 Church Street in the village of Swanton, Vermont. Built in 1912, it served first as a primary school and then a high school, until its closure in 1993. A high quality example of Colonial Revival architecture, it has been converted into senior housing. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2002.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The former Swanton School stands in the village of Swanton, south of the village green and the cluster of municipal and religious buildings at its southern end. It faces west toward Church Street and Lake Champlain on 1.2 acre of level landscaped terrain. It is a large three-story brick building with a hip roof. There are wide brick quoins at the building corners, and at the corners of projecting sections at the centers of its main facades. The ground floor functions as an elevated basement, and is separated from the upper floors by a marble beltcourse. Windows are set in rectangular openings with marble sills and brick headers. Windows on the left side of each facade are shortened, with the lower section of the bay filled with brick between the bottom of the window and the sill. The main entrance is sheltered by a projecting shed-roof porch supported by clusters of square posts.</p><br>
<p>The school was built in 1912 to a design by Frank Lyman Austin of Burlington. The school was built to house all twelve grades, the state having formally required towns to provide secondary school education in 1906. An elementary school was built by the town in 1963 to relieve crowding at this school, which continued to educate the higher grade levels in 1970. At that time, a regional high school was opened, and this was converted to a primary school. It closed its doors in 1993, and in 1999 conversion to senior housing and a community center was begun.</p><br>
<p>The Waterbury Village Historic District encompasses most of the central commercial and residential area of Waterbury, Vermont. Located along United States Route 2 and Stowe Street south of Thatcher Branch of the Winooski River, the sprawling village has been shaped by changes in transportation in the 19th and 20th centuries, and by key economic developments such as the founding of the Vermont State Hospital, which anchors the village&#39;s southern end. The district was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1978.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>Waterbury&#39;s early settlement took place about 1770, with the establishment of a small cluster of houses along the Winooski River near what is now Winooski Street. When Main Street, a stagecoach route paralleling the river opened in the 1790s, development moved to that area, including the construction of churches, residences, and businesses. Development also began along Stowe Street, running north from Main Street roughly along the eastern side of Thatcher Branch. Thatcher Branch was also amenable to the development of industry powered by its waters, whose early successes spurred further growth. In 1849, the railroad was built through the area, with the main depot located further south of the main business district. A cluster of commercial development took place in that area, and industries arose along the railroad corridor. Vermont State Hospital opened in 1892, spurring additional growth south of the station, which included development of Randall Street, paralleling Main Street, as a tree-lined residential enclave.</p><br>
<p>The historic district&#39;s main spine of Main Street (US 2), extending from its crossing of Thatcher Branch south just beyond the campus of the Vermont State Hospital (now mainly occupied by state offices, and separately listed on the National Register in 2016). The railroad line runs parallel to Main Street to the northeast, and the district includes Railroad Street and Union Street, which flank it on the other side. Connecting streets include Park Row, where the former train station is, and Stowe Street, where the densest part of the business district is located at the junction with Main Street. The district extends about half way along Winooski Street to the Winooski River, and along Randall Street between Elm Street and hospital complex.</p><br>
<p>The Robarge-Desautels Apartment House is a historic multi-unit residence at 54 North Champlain Street in Burlington, Vermont. Built about 1900, it is a well-preserved example of a Queen Anne style apartment house. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2014.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Robarge-Desautels Apartment House stands on the east side of North Champlain Street in Burlington&#39;s Old North End neighborhood, a short way south of its junction with North Street. It is a long rectangular 2-1/2 story wood frame structure, with a gabled roof augmented by long shed-roof dormers to provide a full living space in the attic level. Its vernacular Queen Anne features include gabled bracketed hoods over two of its entrances, which flank a central projecting polygonal bay. That bay is capped by a gable that projects beyond the corners of the bay. Along the right side there are two porches, one set above the entrance to the third-floor unit, the other two stories at the rear. In between is a polygonal bay.</p><br>
<p>The apartment house was built about 1900, during a building boom caused by Burlington&#39;s rapidly increasing demand for workers in its burgeoning lumber-related industries. It was built by John Robarge, a blacksmith who built several properties on North Champlain and nearby streets in an area that had formerly been a private estate. He used the building as a rental property, and in 1921 his widow sold it to Wilfred and Clara Desautels, who occupied one of its units for thirty years.</p><br>
<p>Chil Zena , also Chilzina or Chehel Zina, is a mountainous outcrop at the western limit of the city of Kandahar. Forty stone steps lead to the top of the outcrop, hence its name. It gives a commanding view on the city of Kandahar. Chil Zena was located on the northern side of the old citadel of Old Kandahar, destroyed by Nadir Shah Afshar of Persia in 1738.</p><br>
<p>Chil Zena is well known for the discovery of the Indian Emperor Ashokas Kandahar Bilingual Rock Inscription on the mountainside， which is still located on in an open-air compound on the mountainside. The presence of this inscription at Chil Zena helped confirm the presence of Greek populations in the vicinity in the 3rd century BCE, as well as the extent of Ashokas control over the northwestern Indian subcontinent, which is therefore thought to have incorporated Kandahar and its region of Arachosia.</p><br>
<p>Chil Zena later received numerous inscriptions about the conquests of Emperor Babur (1526-1530), apparently carved by his son Humayun.</p><br>
<p>The Theodore Wood House is a historic house at 1420 Hollister Hill Road in Marshfield, Vermont. Built about 1887, it is the only known surviving work of Chester James Wood, a local builder of some reputation, and is the town&#39;s only significant surviving example of Second Empire architecture. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2005.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Theodore Wood House stands in a rural part of western Marshfield, on the north side of Hollister Hill Road, just west of Eaton Cemetery Road. It is a 2-1/2 story plank-framed structure, with its main block topped by a mansard roof, and a side gable-roofed ell. It is set on a granite foundation, and its walls are sheathed in wide wooden clapboards. The main block has a bracketed cornice and matchstick frieze. The formal entrance is sheltered by a broad single-bay porch, with chamfered square posts and a carved frieze and brackets. A second porch extends across the front of the ell, which features dormers with tall steeply pitched Gothic roofs. The interior of the house, like the exterior, features highly detailed fine quality woodwork.</p><br>
<p>The house was built, probably in 1887, to a design by Chester Wood, and is the rural communitys only significant example of Second Empire architecture. Wood, who was nineteen at the time, is known to have built a number of impressive buildings in Marshfield and other Vermont communities, of which none definitely attributable to him have survived except for this house. The interior woodwork was executed at least in part by Abie Wood, Chesters younger brother. The Wood family was relatively prosperous, but subsequent owners were not, and the house declined in condition with the fortunes of its owners, until it underwent a major restoration beginning in the 1980s. The effect of this ownership patterns meant that only relatively modest alterations (mainly for the introduction of plumbing and electricity) were made to the house during those years.</p><br>
<p>The Waterloo Masonic Temple is a historic building located in Waterloo, Iowa, United States. The first Masonic lodge in town, No. 105 A.F. & A.M, was established on the west side of the Cedar River in 1857. Lodge No. 296 was organized on the east side of the river in 1871, and the two consolidated into one lodge eight years later. They built their first Masonic Temple in 1899 at the intersection of Sycamore Street and East Park Avenue. The city was in the midst of a period economic growth that would see its population double each decade from 1890 to 1910. By 1918 the Masons felt the need for a new facility. Property at the intersection of East Park Avenue and Mulberry Street was acquired in 1920. Local architect John G. Ralston, a fellow Mason, was chosen to design the new building in what has been termed the "Phoenician Revival" style. The exterior walls were completed in 1925, but the interior wasn&#39;t completed until 1928. It is a four-story structure built over a raised basement. Its exterior walls are composed of dark red brick accented with light grey limestone. The main façade features a central entrance pavilion with three entrance ways that terminate in Moorish peaks near the roofline. Various Masonic symbols are found carved into the stone, and decorative brickwork flanks the central stone pavilion. The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2013.</p><br>
<p>Doorus Demesne wedge tomb is a wedge-shaped gallery grave and National Monument located in County Galway, Ireland.</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>Doorus Demesne wedge tomb is located 2.9 km northwest of Kinvara on the Doorus Peninsula.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The chamber, measuring 2.5 meters × 1.3 meters, is covered by an enormous roof-stone which measures 2.4 meters in length, 2.1 meters in width and 0.3 meters in depth. There is a huge amount of cairn material, nearly 1 meter in depth, on top of the roof-stone and it is supported by two large side-stones (one on each side) and an equally large back-stone at NE. There is some evidence of a gallery in front of the NW side-stone but none on the SW side. The monument consists of a simple chamber, with sides and back formed of single stones. The chamber is covered by a roofstone above which is built a stack of field stones.</p><br>
<p>The John E. G. Povey House in northeast Portland, Oregon, is a Queen Anne-style house that was built in 1891. The house is asymmetrical and is about 28 ft wide by 46 ft deep. It was home of glass-maker John E. G. Povey .</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1998.</p><br>
<p>It was deemed significant for its association with John E. G. Povey and the Povey Brothers Art & Stained</p><br>
<p>Glass Works company, and also for its architecture "containing high artistic merit both in the craftsmanship of the structure and the stained glass designs in many of the windows."</p><br>
<p>The Povey Brothers Art Glass Works firm was founded by John E. and brother David L. Povey in Portland in 1888; it was the leading art-glass maker in the area from about 1890 to about 1920.</p><br>
<p>John E. G. Povey died in the house in 1917, at age 49.</p><br>
<p>The Chapple and Young Block is a historic building located in La Porte City, Iowa, United States. William Chapple and Clayton E. Young pooled their resources and built this commercial block. The first floor was completed in 1892 and the second floor in 1896. It was a period of economic expansion in the community. There was a single-story section attached to 318 Main Street that was a non-contributing part of this nomination, but has subsequently been torn down and replaced. The two-story brick structures is an example of the commercial Romanesque Revival style. Brick pilasters divide the main façade into three bays, two of which feature an oriel window. A cornice of decorative brickwork is also divided into three sections with a taller center section. The cornice level is at the same level with the neighboring building at 314 Main Street as the Chapple and Young Block was designed to be compatible with the older building. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2002.</p><br>
<p>The Syndicate Block is a historic building located in La Porte City, Iowa, United States. A group of real estate investors known as the La Porte Improvement Company was responsible for the construction of this commercial block. The first four sections of the block were completed in 1891, and the fifth section in 1894. It is unknown why its address in 216 Main Street as it is adjacent to 212. It is also the largest commercial building in La Porte City. The investors continued to own and manage the property until 1919. The two-story brick structure features a unified architectural design and late Victorian styling. Brick pilasters surmounted with pinnacles divide each of the units. All of the windows on the second floor are round arched windows. Decorative brickwork is found on the parapet and cornice. A common entrance to the second floor units is found between 210 and 212. The cornice at this point has a stone name plaque that reads "Syndicate/Block/1891." Above 216 is a triangular pediment. While some of the storefronts have been altered the upper floor maintains its integrity. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2005.</p><br>
